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VIETNAMESE MUSIC IN THE US:
 Folk songs (dan ca) play a principal role in Vietnamese culture, included in this category are lullabies, love songs, and boat songs. Along with dan ca, many other genres of Vietnamese music are popular in the U.S. such as:
- le nhac phat giao ritual music of Buddhist liturgy (performed in temples during ceremonies).
- nhac tai tu chamber music (instrumental and vocal music that tends to be less commercial and performed in immigrants' private homes.)
- chau van shamanistic chanting and dancing- meant to achieve a trance-like state stemming from the traditions of the Hmong and Tai mountain people.
- tan nhac "modern" Westernized music, often uses Vietnamese lyrics and folk melodies.
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VIETNAMESE - A TONAL LANGUAGE:
- The spoken Vietnamese language fuses Cambodian, Thai and Chinese elements. There are six tones placed within equal, high and low levels, making the language rich with varied pitches. A classic example is the word, ma, of which there are six forms with various tones and meanings.
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